The ECB has been reducing excess liquidity since late 2022, transitioning from TLTRO repayments to a phase-out of reinvestments from maturing assets, aiming for a €40bn monthly run-off in 2025. This quantitative tightening, while not equivalent to QE in reverse, is expected to raise term premia due to the reduction of short-dated bonds and potential impacts on bank deposits and credit supply. The ECB is closely monitoring these developments and may introduce new longer-term lending operations to manage liquidity effectively.